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Neutron and X-Rays: Tutorial on Sources, Instrumentation, and Scattering

Part I: Neutrons and X-rays - Sources, Instrumentation, and Scattering, by Rozaliya Barabash and Klaus-Dieter Liss.

Part II: Diffraction from nanostructured materials, by Luca Gelisio and Paolo Scardi

This two part tutorial will review neutrons and X-rays, including sources, instrumentation, theories of scattering and diffraction, concept of reciprocal space, Ewald construction, dynamic and kinematic theory, limit to small crystals, nanocrystals, lattice gradients. It will explain some fundamentals of line profile analysis, with basic facts on nanoparticles - their shapes and most typical properties - restricting the attention to the simplest case of metal systems. The state-of-the-art diffraction analysis of defects will be introduced in the tutorial.

How and why nanocrystals produce broad diffraction profiles, and a quick introduction to the Scherrer equation - where it comes from - will also be covered. In addition, the differences between the two basic paradigms used to deal with nanocrystalline materials in powder diffraction - in Reciprocal Space (traditional approach) and in Direct Space (according to the Debye scattering equation) - will be discussed.

Details of how to build a credible model of a nanocrystal will be considered, as well as the importance of using an atomistic point of view to assess, e.g., by Molecular Dynamics simulations, some crystal properties. Examples and possibilities of a new software implementing the Direct Space approach will conclude the tutorial.

Neutron and X-Rays: Tutorial on Sources, Instrumentation, and Scattering

Rozaliya Barabash is well recognized in diffraction analysis of defects both in the USA and internationally. She has extended experience in teaching, student supervision, user support, journal and books coeditorship, and leading conference symposia.

Klaus-Dieter Liss has 26 years of experience in both neutron and synchrotron radiation techniques. He has lectured at universities and numerous 'schools' regarding neutron and synchrotron radiation. Liss supervises students, gives user support, acts on journal editor panels, participates in professional societies, and has experience in symposium organization. Liss is currently with the Quantum Beam Science Directorate, Japan Atomic Energy Agency.

Paolo Scardi is Full Professor of Material Science and Technology, and head of the Ph.D. School in Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering at the University of Trento, Italy. Author of more than 250 papers, his main interests concern diffraction and crystallography, with applications to materials science. Recent work focuses on thin films and highly deformed materials, photovoltaic devices, residual stress analysis and atomistic modelling of nanocrystalline materials.

Luca Gelisio is a Ph.D. candidate (4th year) in Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Trento. His work in the past five years has been mainly focused on the development of new methods, especially based on X-ray scattering techniques, for the modeling and characterization of nanostructured materials. He is first author of four publications on peer-reviewed journals and several algorithms for X-ray scattering data interpretation, including powder diffraction and coherent scattering.