References in JOM
For complete guidelines concerning the preparation of a manuscript for presentation in JOM, please view the author's guide.

In preparing a manuscript for publication, the author must credit the work of others when it is cited or employed. This is done via the use of numbered footnotes or, as they are called in the journal, References. References should be numbered consecutively as they appear in the article. In preparing the references, use the footnote format described in any commonly available handbook on manuscript preparation. In general, reference must contain enough information for a reader to look up the source materials. If you are unsure of how to prepare a particular reference, err on the side of providing too much information rather than too little.

For your immediate reference, what follows are examples of the most common employed references on the pages of the journal.

Authored Book

• Ideal
  Author(s), book title, edition number (if applicable), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, pages cited (if applicable). Example: 1. L. Solymar and D. Walsh, Lectures on the Electrical Properties of Materials, 3rd ed. (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 27–29.
• Minimum
  Author(s), book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication. Example: 1. L. Solymar and D. Walsh, Lectures on the Electrical Properties of Materials (Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press, 1984), pp. 27–29.

• Ideal
  Editor(s), book title, place of publication, publisher, date of publication.
• Minimum
  Same. [Note that no page numbers are needed when entire book is cited.] Example: 2. Y.-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer, eds., Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990).

• Ideal
  Editor(s), book title, language, place of publication, publisher, date of publication.
• Minimum
  Same. [Note that no page numbers are needed when entire book is cited.] Example: 2. Y.-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer, eds., Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys (in English) (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990).

• Ideal
  Author(s) of paper, paper title, book title, book editor(s), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers. Example: 3. S.C. Huang and D.S. Shih, “Recent Developments in Titanium Aluminides,” Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, ed. Y-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 105–122.
• Minimum
  Author(s) of paper, book title, book editor(s), place of publication, publisher, date of publication, page numbers. Example: 3. S.C. Huang and D.S. Shih, Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, ed. Y-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 105–122.

• Ideal
  Author(s), title, periodical name, volume number, issue number or month, year, page numbers. Example: 4. Janet E. Levy, “Bronze Casters and Gold Workers During Denmark’s Bronze Age,” JOM, 43 (8) (1991), pp. 66–68.
• Minimum
  Author(s), periodical name, volume number, issue number or month, year, page numbers. Example: 4. Janet E. Levy, JOM, 43 (8) (1991), pp. 66–68.

• Ideal
  Author(s), title. Example: 4. Janet E. Levy, “Bronze Casters and Gold Workers During Denmark’s Bronze Age," in this issue.

• Ideal
  Author(s), patent title, country of issue, patent number, date of issue. Example: 6. C.M. Hall, “Process of Reducing Aluminium by Electrolysis,” U.S. patent 400,766 (2 April 1889).
• Minimum
  Author(s), country of issue, patent number, year of issue. Example: 6. C.M. Hall, U.S. patent 400,766 (1889).

• Ideal
  Source, source’s affiliation, type of communication (e.g., telephone), date of communication. Example: 7. B.J. Welch, University of Auckland, private communication with author, 10 September 1990.
• Minimum
  Source, the words “private communication,” year. Example: 7. B.J. Welch, private communication, 1990.

• Ideal
  Author(s), thesis title, degree, conferring academic institute, year. Example: 16. B.J.M. Aikin, "What I Did This Summer" (Ph.D. thesis, University of Virginia, 1991).
• Minimum
  Author(s), degree, conferring academic institute, year. Example: 16. B.J.M. Aikin (Ph.D. thesis, University of Virginia, 1991).

Unpublished Paper Presented at a Meeting

• Ideal
  Author(s), paper title, meeting name, meeting location, meeting dates.
• Minimum
  Same. Example: 5. R. Varughese and P.R. Howell, “Isothermal Reaction Products in Ultra Low Carbon Copper Containing HSLA-100 Steel” (Paper presented at 1991 TMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 18–21 February 1991).

• Ideal
  Author(s), paper title, the words “Technical Program Abstract”, meeting name, meeting location, meeting dates, page number(s) from the program.
• Minimum
  Same. Example: 5. R. Varughese and P.R. Howell, “Isothermal Reaction Products in Ultra Low Carbon Copper Containing HSLA-100 Steel,” Technical Program Abstract (1991 TMS Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, 18–21 February 1991), p. 23.

• Example: 8. F.H. Froes, University of Idaho, unpublished research.

• Ideal
  Title, version, level, rel. number or date, acronym or identification information, proprietary owner's city and name. Example: 8. Operating System/Virtual Storage, Rel. 1.7 (OS/VS 1.7) (White Plains, NY: IBM).

Paper or Article on the Internet

• Ideal
  Author(s), title, periodical name, volume number, issue number or month, page number (if paper is also in a print version), and URL address. Example: 4. E.D. Poulsen, "Safety Problems in the Titanium Industry," JOM (51) (5), pp.23–26, http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0005/Poulsen-0005.html
• Minimum
  Author(s), periodical name, volume number, URL address. Example: 4. E.D. Poulsen, JOM (51), http://www.tms.org/pubs/journals/JOM/0005/Poulsen-0005.html

Authors and Editors

• Do not separate first and middle initials with a space.
• If more than three authors or editors are cited, name the first only and use “et al.” in place of the others. (Note: This is done to conserve space in the references. The references are a guide to help readers find a source, not a place to name the names of all the authors involved in a work. The omission of coauthors does not make a reference less useful or less accurate.)
• Always abbreviate “edited by” as “ed.”

• Present meeting dates in this sequence, without commas: Day Month Year (e.g., 10 September 1990).
• Do not abbreviate the months of the year. Do not separate the month and year with commas [e.g., (September 1990), not (September, 1990)].

• Do not drop digits (e.g., “pp. 345–56”) when a citation continues over several pages. Always supply the full page number (e.g., “pp. 345–356.”)

• A reference to a book must include the publisher, place of publication, and date of publication. If any of this information is not provided, query the author by telephone or on the page proofs.
• Abbreviate publishers’ names where possible. Professional societies and trade associations in particular are easily abbreviated. A list of societies and associations commonly cited in JOM is included in this style guide.

• In all references, do not use a comma before an open parenthesis. Do use a comma after a close parenthesis if nonparenthetical material follows. (See the examples.)
• In all references, the page numbers should be preceded by either “p.” (if one page is cited) or “pp.” (if two or more pages are cited).

• Abbreviate journal titles, as long as the meaning does not become ambiguous. Do not spell out abbreviations on first reference.
• The journal title is followed by the volume number; the issue number in parentheses and the year in parentheses, or the month of issue and year of issue in parentheses (use the form supplied by the author, but always use issue number for JOM); and the page numbers.
• Omit the words “volume” and “number” and their abbreviations.
• When Journal of Metals or JOM in the references, use J. Metals for issues published in 1949–1988, and use JOM for issues published from 1989 on.

• If a book is cited three or more times, and different pages from the book are used in each citation, the book title, editors (if any), publisher, and date of publication should be replaced by the words “in Ref.” and the number of the first reference to the book. Only the initial reference to the book would then contain the full citation. For example:

14. S.C. Huang and D.S. Shih, “Nanostructures in Gamma Titanium Aluminides,” Microstructure/Property Relationships in Titanium Aluminides and Alloys, ed. Y-W. Kim and R.R. Boyer (Warrendale, PA: TMS, 1990), pp. 105–122.
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31. F.H. Froes et al., “Recent Progress in Aluminide Materials,” in Ref. 14, pp. 135–148.